Greenspan: No Fan of The Entity

Alan

Greenspan is not a fan of The Entity. It’s not trying to bail out some troubled

firm, he says: rather, it’s trying to artificially support an entire asset class.

Which might not be a bright idea:

Greenspan argued that that a delicate market psychology could be speared

by the move. “It could conceivably make [conditions affecting investor

psychology] somewhat adverse because if you believe some form of artificial

non-market force is propping up the market you don’t believe the market

price has exhausted itself.

“What creates strong markets is a belief in the investment community

that everybody has been scared out of the market, pressed prices too low and

they’re wildly attractive bargaining prices there,” he said.

“If you intervene in the system, the vultures stay away,” he said.

“The vultures sometimes are very useful.”

I agree with Greenspan on the

usefulness of vultures, although I’m not convinced about the usefulness

of pop psychology in these kind of situations. Talk of "capitulation"

and prices "exhausting" themselves and the like is a kind of market

anthropomorphism which rarely sheds much light on market movements; in fact,

it comes very close to technical analysis. If there’s some undeniable improvement

to liquidity as a part of this plan, then I don’t think psychological considerations

should be enough to derail it.

(A short summary of Greenspan’s comments is here,

if you hit a firewall.)

Posted in bonds and loans | Comments Off on Greenspan: No Fan of The Entity

The Cost of Reporting in Singapore

How much money did the FT save by caving

in to the Singapore government’s bullying tactics? In the first instance,

about £67,000. Dow Jones’s Far Eastern Economic Review is fighting the

Singapore government in a similar case, showing a bit of backbone. And at the

end of a story

from last year about the FEER case, we find this:

The government ordered Time, Newsweek, the Financial Times and the International

Herald Tribune to post bonds of 200,000 Singaporean dollars and appoint representatives

in Singapore.

That doesn’t mean that the bond is the maximum that the FT stood to lose, of

course. There’s the cost of legal representation, and then the Singapore courts

can award any amount they like against the FT. Once damages were awarded, Singapore

could then try to collect in any jurisdiction in the world, including the UK,

although I’m not sure if it’s ever gone that far or had any success.

More damaging for the FT, if it fought back then Singapore would probably ban

it outright, just as it has banned the FEER. (At one point, Judicial Commissioner

Sundaresh Menon even barred

the FEER’s lawyer.) As a Singaporean commenter noted on my last post

on the subject,

Singapore is an important market to FT, which is why they capitulated so

quickly. I personally felt that FT has done a disservice to itself and to

the forward/right thinking population of Singapore.

Interestingly, Reporters Without Borders has just released its latest Press

Freedom Index. Singapore is in 141st place, just below Sudan. That said,

it does better than Russia (144th), Saudi Arabia (148th), Iraq (157th), or China

(163rd). As these and other authoritarian countries become increasingly important

to a global audience, news organizations are going to have to start making it

very clear where they stand on questions of press freedom and censorship. While

a local circulation can be valuable, a first-rate global reputation is always

much more so.

Posted in Media | Comments Off on The Cost of Reporting in Singapore

Doing Business in an Era of Globalization

Dow Jones has a section in its latest proxy filing giving the

history of its takeover by Rupert Murdoch. But it might be 1957, not 2007,

for all that the key individuals seem incapable of so much as placing a phone

call to each other if they’re not in the same country.

On March 29, 2007, Messrs. Murdoch and Zannino met for breakfast. At the

end of the meeting, Mr. Murdoch reiterated his long-standing interest in acquiring

Dow Jones… Mr. Murdoch indicated that News Corporation was planning to make

its proposal directly to the Dow Jones board of directors and that Mr. Murdoch

intended to contact Harvey Golub, an outside director of Dow Jones, to discuss

how to do so. Later on March 29, 2007, Mr. Murdoch left a message for Mr.

Golub at his office…

Messrs. Zannino and Stern also attempted to contact Mr. Golub by telephone

and e-mail, but he was out of the country at the time…

Mr. Golub returned Mr. Murdoch’s call on April 4, 2007 and was informed

that Mr. Murdoch was out of the country. On April 11, 2007, Mr. Golub and

Mr. Murdoch spoke directly by telephone.

The final merger-agreement press release came out on August 1.

Posted in Media | Comments Off on Doing Business in an Era of Globalization

Tim Harford Blogging at FT.com

Tim Harford is now blogging at FT.com,

and his very

first blog entry there links to me, so of course this is my new favorite

blog. Better yet, he’s serving up a full

RSS feed. If the FT can do it with Harford, why can’t they do it with Alphaville?

(Via Cowen,

weirdly enough: Tim hasn’t even announced this on his

own site!)

Posted in Media | Comments Off on Tim Harford Blogging at FT.com

The Economics ChatterMeter

I could play with this for hours: Aaron Schiff has developed the Economics

ChatterMeter, to see how much chatter there is in the blogosphere about

matters economic.

Interestingly, right

now everything seems to be at or near an all-time low, especially the results

for "bonds", "budget", "commodities", "credit",

"deficit", "fiscal", "monopoly", and, distressingly

enough, "portfolio". "Recession" and "unemployment"

are way down from their summer highs, which is probably a good thing.

Here are snapshot results for "cartel", "GDP", and "wages":

cartel.jpg

GDP.jpg

wages.jpg

Posted in economics | Comments Off on The Economics ChatterMeter

Blogonomics: The Econoblogosphere is Not in Danger

Alarmist

thinking from Dani Rodrik today. Econoblogs have been getting better and

more numerous over the past couple of years – Rodrik himself being a prime

example of an excellent newcomer to the sphere – but might this trend

reverse? What if the best economist-bloggers decided that it just wasn’t worth

their while to blog?

If economists with high opportunity costs of time start to get out, shall

we have a lemons problem on our hands? Will eventually the only prolific bloggers

remain the ones that are not worth reading?

Certainly the better the economist, the higher the opportunity cost of blogging.

But the fact is that the best economists do not make the best econobloggers:

the skill-set needed to be a good blogger is very different from the skill-set

needed to be a good economist. Now it turns out that some individuals, like

Rodrik himself, has both. But I can think of more than a few very good economists

who are, shall we say, not great at blogging.

One of the ingredients of a good blog is frequency of posts. There are two

big reasons that Greg Mankiw’s blog is so popular: he’s a famous economist,

and he posts very frequently. (There are lots of other reasons, too: he writes

very clearly, he’s provocative, he’s good at writing short.) If you look at

the top ten economics blogs,

it’s clear that frequency of posting is just as important as quality of economics.

And while I’m sure that there are prolific econobloggers who are not

worth reading, I think they’re probably in the minority. In my experience, most

prolific econobloggers are worth reading. And while Greg Mankiw is

a more famous economist, and has more readers, than Mark Thoma, the fact is

that Thoma definitely has the better blog. If Thoma were to stop blogging tomorrow,

the loss to the econoblogosphere would be much greater than if Mankiw or Becker-Posner

or Freakonomics went dark.

I have no idea how the econoblogosphere is going to evolve, but if it moves

away from a star-based system to something a bit more meritocratic, that would

not necessarily be much of a loss. One exciting model is Seeking

Alpha, an aggregator along the lines of the Huffington Post which features

high-quality writing from a whole host of people you’ve never heard of. It’s

more finance than economics based, but the model clearly works: Doug McIntyre

says that Seeking Alpha is worth

$36 million, which admittedly is an insanely high valuation.

So although Mankiw is certainly a star of the blogosphere, I won’t start fearing

for the future of the medium if he starts spending less time on his blog and

more on his other

commitments. I do, however, think very little of his decision to unilaterally

erase all of the tends of thousands of comments that had accumulated on his

site up until the point at which he decided to turn comments off. If he wants

to close his blog to further comments, that’s fine. But a lot of people put

a lot of time and effort into those comment streams, which were very valuable

in their own right, and it seems downright vindictive for Mankiw to simply wipe

them all from his blog altogether. My hope is that Mankiw simply made a mistake,

and that in trying to turn off new comments he inadvertently took away the old

ones. Might there be a way of getting them back?

Posted in blogonomics | 1 Comment

Bank of America: Not Glamorous

Bank of America CEO Ken Lewis seems to have finally

woken up to the fact that he is not, and never will be, an investment banker:

Lewis said during a conference call that the company plans to scale back

its investment banking unit after trading mistakes led to $717 million of

losses.

If Lewis really wants to give

up on investment banking – and he should, given the tiny profits and

enormous headaches that it’s responsible for – he should also give up

on the equally-beleaguered

tower he’s building in midtown Manhattan. If he asked nicely, he might even

be able to sell it to Si Newhouse, who’s presently outgrowing

the building next door. Condé Nast is a New York company to its toenails;

Bank of America (the bank formerly known as Nationsbank) will always be considered

more than a little bit provincial here, no matter how many shiny skyscrapers

it builds.

Posted in architecture, banking | Comments Off on Bank of America: Not Glamorous

Live-Blogging Malaria

Martin Edlund is doing a great job live-blogging

the Gates Foundation Malaria Forum in Seattle. It’s ambitious – everybody

seems keen

to talk about eradication – but it’s also realistic: the best hope

right now would seem to be a vaccine

which is (only) 50% to 65% effective in children under 4 years old. So far,

no mention of DDT,

which is interesting in itself.

(Thanks to Dave Felsen for the tip.)

Posted in development | Comments Off on Live-Blogging Malaria

The Limits of Empiricism, Revisited

Deirdre McCloskey is in fine

fighting form, at least by the standards of statisticians:

Good fit is not the same thing as importance. In fact, usually it has nothing

to do with importance.

I think she’s absolutely right. People who use a lot of statistical analysis,

economists among them, tend to gravitate towards the measurable. Often, important

things aren’t easy to measure, and things which are easy to measure aren’t important.

While statistical analysis should be used to examine some a priori hypothesis,

too often hypotheses are constructed around whatever data might be lying around.

And if the data is crap, the results of any statistical analysis on that data

will also be crap, no matter how good your fit.

(Earlier: The

Limits of Empiricism)

Posted in economics | Comments Off on The Limits of Empiricism, Revisited

Why The Fed Should Embrace Inflation

Tim Duy has another astute FedWatch

today, chez Thoma, in which he reiterates that although it’s a close-run

thing, he reckons the Fed will stand pat at its next meeting, essentially riding

on the bigger-than-expected rate cut in September. On the other hand, he says,

he may be underestimating the degree to which the Fed is worried about the housing

slowdown:

My concerns about inflation are irrelevant, as are Ritholtz’s. Bernanke

& Co. are currently more focused on the downside risks to growth. The

primary risk to growth stems from the housing market. If you focus on the

housing story, then, you conclude that the Fed will cut rates at months end.

If you focus on the “potential impact of housing to the broader economy”

story, then the Fed was intentionally getting ahead of the curve with the

50bp cut in September, allowing them to take a pass on October unless they

saw broad based weakness.

I have shifted increasingly to the latter camp. If I make an error on that

call, it will be because I have focused on the externally driven growth as

a real, structural shift in the US economy. In fact, the Fed may discount

the external growth story, choosing instead to cut again on the basis of the

housing slowdown.

The tug-of-war here is clear. On the one hand, weakness in the housing sector

means lower economic activity. "By all rights, or at least to the extent

that we believe history should repeat itself, the housing downturn should already

have tipped the economy into recession," says Duy. By these lights, the

Fed should cut rates in order to counteract the deleterious effects of the housing

slump. On the other hand, a rate cut could mean higher inflation, which is a

bad thing.

I see things slightly differently: in many ways, now is exactly the

point at which the US economy could do with a little bit of inflation, just

so long as it didn’t affect long-term inflation expectations too badly. If I

could call down inflation now, in the understanding that it would have no effect

on inflation in a few years’ time, I would do it. Because inflation is just

the ticket for homeowners who are struggling with negative equity.

The big problem in the housing sector is that houses are worth less than the

mortgages on them. The mortgages are denominated in nominal dollars, and inflation,

even if it has no effect on real (inflation-adjusted) house prices, will certainly

have an effect on nominal house prices, and bring a significant number of homeowners

back into the promised land of positive equity.

In other words, while Hank Paulson is struggling with the housing crisis, a

lot of the solution to it could be in the hands of Ben Bernanke. I like the

idea of another rate cut at the upcoming Fed meeting, keeping the central bank

ahead of the curve. The Fed can be dovish now, turning much more hawkish in

the future, when there isn’t a debt crisis going on at the individual-household

level.

Posted in fiscal and monetary policy | Comments Off on Why The Fed Should Embrace Inflation

The IMF Joins the Econoblogosphere

Simon Johnson, who heads up the research department at the IMF, is now blogging,

and in his official capacity, no less. My favorite part of the blog so far is

the "about"

page, which says that "the aim of the blog is to interact more with people

who don’t attend press conferences"; you can’t argue with that!

Johnson’s meatiest

blog entry so far is on the thorny issue of capital flows.

A recent

study by the IMF’s research department-which used data from the past 30

years to assess the effects of financial globalization-conveys two messages.

The first is that countries should be cautious about external financial liberalization

when financial sector development and institutional quality are below key

thresholds. In other words, don’t go in the water unless you can swim.

The second is that caution has costs: financial openness may itself catalyze

improvements in fundamentals that enhance the benefits of globalization. Capital

controls, whatever their benefits in terms of mitigating the risks associated

with volatile capital flows, are costly in a variety of ways. In other words,

everyone really should learn to swim…

Of more pressing immediate concern is the fact that capital is currently flowing

to many countries whether or not they are ready to receive it…

If I’m right, then the major risk today is not imminent crisis but rather

that the capital flows arising from the global boom will not be well managed-leading

to the buildup of vulnerabilities. Thus, the danger is that when the party

ends – and it is hard to know when this will be – there will a lot of mopping

up to do.

I like the long-term viewpoint here: everybody’s so excited about the subprime

crisis that the continued healthy capital flows to emerging economies have almost

been forgotten. And I think Johnson is right to be cautious about this idea

that if a country opens itself up to international capital flows, that very

openness will force the country to build institutions strong enough to withstand

the inevitable tides. Asia wasn’t ready for an outflow in 1998, and I don’t

think that countries like Botswana, or even Brazil, are necessarily better-placed

today.

If Johnson is right and too much money is a bad thing for many countries, is

there anything that the IMF or anybody else can do about this problem?

(HT: Hounshell)

Posted in economics, IMF | Comments Off on The IMF Joins the Econoblogosphere

Inequality Chart of the Day

From Will

Wilkinson:

smeeding-inequality.jpg

The Gini coefficient is the generally-accepted standard measure of inequality,

and the dark-green bars show the amount of after-tax income inequality in 16

OECD countries (click on the chart for a bigger version). The difference between

the bars, shown in light green, is a measure of redistribution, basically: the

larger number is the amount of pre-tax income inequality.

As Wilkinson points out, the US has less income inequality, before taxes, than

the UK; it’s tied with both Germany and Australia. (Yes, Germany – but

remember it’s still not all that much time since West Germany absorbed East

Germany, large parts of which are still very depressed, and that skews things

a bit.)

For those of us who laud the Scandinavian model, the numbers for Sweden are

worth noting. Sweden is clearly successful in redistributing income, since its

after-tax Gini coefficient of 25 is much lower than the 37 seen in the US. But

interestingly it seems happy with a lot of before-tax inequality, since the

market-income Gini coefficient is a high 46.

(Via Cowen)

Posted in charts, economics | 1 Comment

The FT is Spineless and Craven

Never mind going

free online; if the Financial Times really wants to be taken seriously it

will have to do better than the craven

display of gutlessness it presented to the world today, in the wake of a

September 29 column by Sunny Tucker. The article mentioned facts which are familiar

to any Singapore watcher, among them the fact that prime minister Lee Hsien

Loong is the son of the former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew; and that that Ho

Ching, the head of Temasek, Singapore’s sovereign wealth fund, is Lee Hsien

Loong’s wife.

The problem is that Singapore’s first family really

hates reading anything which implies there might be nepotism going on. The

International Herald Tribune, in 1994, and Bloomberg News, in 2002, both apologized

abjectly to the Singapore government after publishing articles which seemed

to suggest that Lee Jr might have gotten his job due to the fact that is the

son of Lee Sr. Now, the Financial Times is following in those ignoble footsteps.

It is not only saying that "these allegations are false and completely

without foundation"; it’s even paying damages to both Lees and

to Ho Ching.

The FT has published, under its own name and on its editorial page, a lie.

Of course there’s a basis to allegations of nepotism in Singapore:

it’s the fact that one family runs the whole country, including its enormous

wealth fund. So when the FT says that such an implication is "completely

without foundation", it loses an enormous amount of credibility.

And here’s what’s really pathetic about the way that the FT folded so quickly

and so spinelessly: the article wasn’t even libelous. Here’s the offending passage:

On the subject of sovereign wealth funds, there seems to be a whole lot of

lovin’ going on within the Temasek family.

DBS Bank, whose biggest shareholder is Temasek, this week surprised many by

announcing that US-born Jackson Tai would step down towards the end of the

year. Mr Tai was said to be keen to "spend more time with his family".

Last week Jimmy Phoon, Temasek’s chief investment officer, announced he was

leaving "to take a break and spend some time with the family".

Perhaps we shouldn’t be surprised at the reasons. Singapore, after all, is

built on strong family values. Lee Kuan Yew, founding father of the city-state,

must be proud to see Lee Hsien Loong, his son, occupy the role of prime minister.

Mr Lee (Jnr) himself will be pleased Ho Ching, his wife, has helped turn round

the performance of Temasek after being appointed chief executive in 2002.

The rumour mill now suggests Lee Hsien Yang, the younger brother, could replace

Mr Tai at DBS. The younger Mr Lee earned his spurs as chief executive of SingTel,

also part of the Temasek firmament.

An article isn’t libelous if it’s true, and everything here is true. To think

that when Rupert Murdoch bought Dow Jones, people were worried that it was the

WSJ that would be showing signs of timorousness in East Asia! It turns out that

while everybody was bellyaching about the future of the WSJ, they should have

been much more worried about the present of the FT.

It’s time for Pearson to sell the FT: it obviously has no business owning such

a storied newspaper. It should sell the paper to Thomson-Reuters, or to any

other company with principles. For publishing a newspaper takes something that

Pearson clearly lacks: a certain amount of testicular fortitude.

Posted in Media, publishing | Comments Off on The FT is Spineless and Craven

Adventures in Technical Analysis, Citigroup Edition

David Gaffen notes today that Citigroup shares are now trading at a 2-year

low of $43.97 per share. He then quotes this wonderful piece of advice from

technical analyst Joseph Hargett:

The $45 level “has not been breached on a weekly closing basis since

October 2005, and could be seen as a buy/sell indicator for anyone considering

investing in C,” notes Joseph Hargett, analyst at Schaeffer’s

Investment Research.

So there you go. If you want to buy Citigroup, this could be a good time to

do so. Or, on the other hand, it could be a good time to sell. Does anybody

have a coin I can flip?

Posted in stocks | Comments Off on Adventures in Technical Analysis, Citigroup Edition

When Economics PhDs are Too Rigorous for Economists

What is an economics degree for? "Marshall Jevons" complains

today that it doesn’t qualify people to get accepted into economics PhD programs:

We have a system where the engineer or the physicist has greater chance of

getting accepted to a PhD in economics than someone who has studied economics

at graduate or undergraduate level- don’t we need to completely change the

content and approach of teaching undergraduate economics?

My answer is that it’s much easier for graduate-level economics students to

take a few mathematics courses if they want to continue on to a PhD than it

is to re-architect entire undergraduate economics classes for the sake of the

small minority of students who might want a doctorate in the subject.

In any event, you’ve gotta love the tone of the Cornell Economics faculty’s

website:

Courses called Mathematics for Economists, Mathematics for Social Scientists,

and Econometrics are not a substitute for formal Mathematics.

Posted in economics | Comments Off on When Economics PhDs are Too Rigorous for Economists

Ben Stein Watch, TV Edition

Bess Levin watches

Ben Stein’s new TV show so we don’t have to:

Old Ben has finally given up the charade of being “an economist”

and submitted to his true calling: demeaning 14 mildly attractive and cartoonishly

stupid contestants (the 7 male ones are referred to as “himbos,”

the 7 female ones as “bimbos”) on a weekly basis and, in the process,

demeaning himself.

Yes, Ben Stein is hosting a show on VH1 called, I kid you not, "America’s

Most Smartest Model". I wonder if he’ll be asking any questions about evolution.

Posted in ben stein watch, Media | Comments Off on Ben Stein Watch, TV Edition

Retracements and Racism

One of the buzzwords in finance circles right now is "reintermediation".

It’s the opposite of disintermediation, and it’s what happens when banks go

back to old-fashioned lending, carrying assets on their balance sheets, rather

than structuring deals between issuers and investors while taking relatively

little risk themselves. The interesting thing is that reintermediation is clearly

a backwards move, in terms of the broader secular trend: a retracement, if you

will. Once borrowers and lenders have worked out that they can deal with each

other directly and cut out the middleman, the course is generally set.

The move towards greater racial acceptance and integration is another long-term

secular trend, and one which is much more important than disintermediation.

But it, too, can suffer retracements, and I’m beginning to suspect that we’re

in one of those retracements right now.

In the past couple of days my colleagues Jeff Bercovici and Lauren Goldstein

Crowe have been covering the race issue in radio

and fashion,

respectively, where the latter is the more depressing: by all

accounts fashion runways are much whiter now than they were 30 years ago,

and for all that the industry has a handful of "power blacks", it’s

still overwhelmingly and depressingly white. (Journalists are just as bad, I

hasten to add, on the racial-integration front, and I think that bloggers are

even whiter than journalists more generally. Is there a single black

econoblogger?)

Most shocking of all, however, given that it’s Nobel Prize season, are Sunday’s

on-the-record

sentiments of James Watson, one of the scientific giants of the 20th Century.

He says that he is “inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa”

because “all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence

is the same as ours – whereas all the testing says not really”,

and I know that this “hot potato” is going to be difficult to

address. His hope is that everyone is equal, but he counters that “people

who have to deal with black employees find this not true”. He says that

you should not discriminate on the basis of colour, because “there are

many people of colour who are very talented, but don’t promote them

when they haven’t succeeded at the lower level”. He writes that

“there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities

of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have

evolved identically. Our wanting to reserve equal powers of reason as some

universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so”.

Watson’s comments have created

an uproar, of course, as they should. And the man is 79 years old, so it’s

maybe a bit unfair to hold him up as being symptomatic of anything particularly

contemporary. But I don’t feel that a world where a black Ivy League university

professor can find a noose

on her door can really be considered to have advanced much over the past decade

or so.

Investors are often concerned that even if they invest in a rock-solid long-term

trend, the market can still move against them in the short term. It’s a concern

which is not confined to the world of finance.

Posted in Portfolio | Comments Off on Retracements and Racism

Chinese Banks: Still Weak

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, or ICBC, has a market

capitalization of $334 billion, making it by far the most valuable bank

in the world. Citigroup, HSBC, and Bank of America are next on the list, worth

about $235 billion each, but the next two biggest banks are Chinese: China Construction

Bank, worth $225 billion, and Bank of China, worth $200 billion. Chinese banks,

it would seem, are pretty healthy, no? Not according

to Moody’s:

During the past two years, improving financial fundamentals due to recapitalizations

and problem loan reductions have contributed to upgrades in the financial

strength ratings of the Chinese banks, from an average of E+ to D-, Moody’s

says in a new Outlook for China’s banking system.

In other words, the Chinese banking system might be a little bit better than

it was, but it’s still really bad. The reasons are familiar:

The relatively low D- average BFSR for the Chinese banking system—Moody’s

measure of intrinsic creditworthiness and the potential need for external

support—points to the continued high levels of problem and special mention

loans of the largest banks, their developing capital adequacy, and below average

profitability metrics.

It does seem weird that the stocks of China’s banks should be skyrocketing

even as enormous amounts of uncertainty remain over the amount of non-performing

loans on those banks’ balance sheets. But then again, all Chinese stocks

are skyrocketing, so maybe the banks are just rising as some kind of relative-value

play. Tides and boats, and all that. But a valuation of more than $2,000 per

customer does seem rather excessive, by any measure, especially given how little

money most of those customers have.

Posted in banking, china | Comments Off on Chinese Banks: Still Weak

Adventures in Lawyering, MAC Edition

Will Christopher Flowers succeed in his attempt to change his mind about buying

Sallie Mae? Or will he have to pay the $900 million breakup fee? Many lawyers

have weighed in on this subject, most of them on Sallie’s side, saying that

the MAC clauses preventing buyers from reneging on a deal are generally pretty

tough. Steven Davidoff, on the other hand, has actually read the court documents,

and he reckons that Flowers

has a good chance of winning the case in Delaware court. It looks as though

Flowers sneakily managed to get language in the contract saying that any

adverse event, not just a "materially" adverse event, would allow

him to walk away from the deal, if that adverse event took place in Congress.

A quick bit of background: Flowers is saying that when Congress enacted legislation

which would hurt subsidies to Salllie Mae, that counted as an adverse change

which allows the buyout deal to be scrapped. Sallie Mae, by contrast, is saying

that Flowers was well aware of the pending legislation when he agreed to the

buyout, so it can hardly have come as much of a surprise when the legislation

came into effect.

Davidoff says, basically, that they’re both right: the legislation, as passed,

was not so much worse than the proposed legislation that it would count as "materially

adverse". But even if it was a tiny bit worse than the proposed

legislation, that might give Flowers the loophole he’s looking for:

On its face the plain language of the MAC definition requires that the enacted

legislation be only adverse — there is no materiality qualifier.

In other words, if Flowers needs a Material Adverse Effect, he doesn’t have

one. But he doesn’t need a Material Adverse Effect, he just needs an Adverse

Effect. So he might well be able to keep his $900 million, and maybe pop over

to London to spend it on Northern Rock instead.

Posted in law, private equity | Comments Off on Adventures in Lawyering, MAC Edition

Citi-KKR: The Ouroboros is Go

Yes, folks, it’s on: it’s not just fantasy,

but moving

towards reality. Citigroup has a bunch of loans to KKR that it can’t get

off its books. So KKR is going to buy those loans, using $8 billion borrowed

from – wait for it – Citigroup. You can’t make this stuff up.

(Via Dealbreaker)

Posted in banking, bonds and loans, private equity | Comments Off on Citi-KKR: The Ouroboros is Go

Cap-and-Trade: The Return of the Safety Valve

If you want to cut carbon emissions, there are some ways of doing so which

actually make money, in net present value terms. Some methods, however, cost

money – and many of the most promising emissions-reduction schemes cost

a lot of money. Under a cap-and-trade system of carbon credits, the

higher the cost of such credits goes, the more that ambitious carbon-reduction

schemes become econmically viable. That’s the whole point of a system. But the

electric utilities, of course, are pretending

not to understand:

Executives of major utilities are prodding Congress to install a feature

in climate-change legislation that would prevent the price levied upon carbon-dioxide

emissions from rising too high.

At least 26 utilities have signed a letter calling for an "economic safety

valve" as part of a system that would set a limit on such emissions…

"We need a mechanism that would send a more predictable price signal

that would help us plan for the billions of dollars of investments that we

and others will have to make to move to a desired lower-carbon economy,"

said John Bryson, president and chief executive officer of Los Angeles-based

Edison International.

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, electric utilities are the largest

sector that would be covered by a law curbing CO2 because they produce about

40% of the nation’s emissions. Cutting emissions would require utilities to

build more nuclear- or wind-power plants.

Any "safety valve" mechanism would defeat the purpose of a cap-and-trade

system, which is, um, to cap emissions. A cap-and-trade system without an emissions

cap is basically a carbon tax without the tax, and the chances that it would

result in any meaningful reduction in emissions are slim indeed.

The fact is that nuclear- and wind-power plants are expensive, and the best

way of making them economically feasible is to allow carbon-based energy prices

to rise as far as the market takes them.

All that said, if you are going to have a safety valve, then Joe Lieberman’s

proposal seems to be the best way of having one:

There are two types of safety-valve mechanisms in legislation being prepared

by the Senate. One, proposed by Sen. Jeff Bing-aman (D., N.M.), would allow

the government to freeze the price of a carbon-emission credit once it reached

a certain level. Another, which is about to be introduced by Sen. Joseph Lieberman,

a Connecticut independent aligned with Democrats, would create a politically

appointed board of experts, similar to the Federal Reserve Board, with authority

to adjust various aspects of trading, such as borrowing credits from future

years, if it saw "significant harm to the economy" in prices.

At least that way the total cap in emissions is retained, even if the cap in

any given year is breached.

Posted in climate change | Comments Off on Cap-and-Trade: The Return of the Safety Valve

Google Datapoint of the Day

Google now drives more traffic to nytimes.com than links from the nytimes.com

homepage and all emailed articles combined. Alex

Patriquin has the chart; it shows that in September, the top referral source

for nytimes.com was Google, with 4,862,831 referrals. That’s up 43% from a year

ago. Meanwhile, people going to stories from the nytimes.com homepage or by

clicking on a link in an email fell by almost 4% to 3,115,472. As a

result, Google now has a 56% lead over the NYT’s own internally-generated traffic.

I knew that Google

killed TimesSelect, but I had no idea it was this powerful. These

numbers are the final nail in the coffin of WSJ.com’s subscription model, and

if anybody at Pearson has a brain they should kill off FT.com’s

subscription model as well. If you don’t get Google love, you can’t compete.

Simple as that.

(Via Jeff,

of course)

Posted in Media | Comments Off on Google Datapoint of the Day

New York Needs Chinese Business Travelers

Justin Fox knows what

needs to be done to keep New York competitive with London as a financial

center:

The immigration people at Heathrow are polite to non-UK-citizens and usually

get them through the line very quickly. I know that from personal experience.

Meanwhile, I’ve heard from lots of foreigners that coming through immigration

at Kennedy (and elsewhere in the U.S.) is an excruciatingly slow and often

demeaning process. This is potentially disastrous for the long-term prospects

of both New York and the U.S. in general. And while I’m being sort of jokey

in the rest of this post, I’m dead serious about this: Discouraging foreign

businesspeople from visiting the U.S., which we now effectively do, is a potentially

disastrous policy.

Quite right. In fact, it’s a much, much bigger issue than putting more and

friendlier immigration officers on staff at JFK. The really big issue is allowing

business people to visit NYC on business in the first place.

Many international executives simply can’t get a visa to visit the US, or if

they can it takes months. This applies especially to businessmen from what is

arguably the world’s largest economy, China. If NYC wants to remain relevant,

it has to start looking west rather than east, and taking full advantage of

the US’s Pacific Rim status. That means encouraging, not discouraging, human

business links with China.

Have you ever wondered why Hank Paulson spent so much time flying

back and forth to China when he was CEO of Goldman Sachs? Yes, the country was

important to him, but it wasn’t that important. Rather, it was the

one country where he had to go there, because they were simply incapable of

coming here.

Posted in cities | Comments Off on New York Needs Chinese Business Travelers

Bed Net Datapoint of the Day

From Vivian

Hoffmann of Cornell University, via Tom Foster:

This paper reports results from a field experiment in Uganda. Whether a mosquito

net was purchased or received for free affected who within the household used

the net. Free nets were more likely to be allocated to those members of the

household most vulnerable to malaria, whereas purchased nets tended to be

used by the household’s main income earners. The effect was strongest for

free nets received by the mother, increasing the probability that all children

five and younger slept under nets by 26 percent relative to when nets had

been purchased by either parent or given to the father.

Posted in development | Comments Off on Bed Net Datapoint of the Day

Economic Naturalism, Airplane Edition

Fans of "The

Economic Naturalist" (see here

for an explanation of the idea behind the book, and here

for a fan’s notes) are always on the lookout for more everyday puzzles along

those lines. So here’s one from Aaron

Schiff:

Why are passenger airplanes flown by airlines usually relatively new while

freight airplanes may be very old?

I’m not completely convinced by Aaron’s answer, but this is on a blog, which

means that of course a commenter adds some useful information about aircraft

design and regulation in the comments.

I think there’s quite an appetite for this kind of question, so do let me know

if you come up with one in the middle of the night.

Posted in economics | Comments Off on Economic Naturalism, Airplane Edition